factors that increase reverse cholesterol transport

The search for papers was performed using the following databases: Pubmed (Medline), Science Direct, Scopus, Sport Discus, Web of Science, Scielo, and Lilacs. Effect of exercise on reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). doi: 10.1007/s00421-009-1133-3. 22, 385–398. 46, 550–555. (2001) found that when macrophages, lymphocytes, and intestinal cells were treated with PPAR agonist, these cells increased ABCA1 gene expression and induced an increase of ApoA-1 cholesterol uptake. Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids also have beneficial effects on HDL-c levels, especially olive oil, that contains Monounsaturated Fatty Acids and polyphenols (Siri-Tarino, 2011; Chen et al., 2014; Farràs et al., 2015; Hernáez et al., 2016; Rondanelli et al., 2016). metabolism and macrophage reverse cholesterol transport will increase the likelihood of developing novel therapies to. (2010). 24, 1087–1091. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov, Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus, Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. Dotted red arrows indicate the hepatic secretion of VLDL, which is modified by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the bloodstream and hydrolyzes its lipid content to peripheral tissue and subsequently becomes LDL-c. Apo A-1, Apolipoprotein A-1. Cardiovasc. (2017). Effect of exercise on reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). doi: 10.1080/07315724.2005.10719475. The concept of reverse cholesterol transport is based on the hypothesis that HDL displays an cardioprotective function, which is a process involved in the removal of excess cholesterol that is accumulated in the peripheral tissues (e.g., macrophages in the aortae) by HDL, transporting it to the liver for excretion into the feces via the bile. We concluded that the positive responders had around 11% less HDL-c (6.31 mg/dL) at baseline than negative responders, suggesting that the positive response to combined training is also mediated by the metabolic health of the individual at baseline (Diniz et al., 2017). J. Clin. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx163. Nutr. Cholesterol is a major constituent of gallstones. HDL cholesterol content in plasma seems to be crucial in both prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic diseases, since this molecule exerts anti-inflammatory functions as well as exerts positive effects on CRT. DNA methylation variations at CETP and LPL gene promoter loci: new molecular biomarkers associated with blood lipid profile variability. Science 289, 1524–1529. Summary of the effects of training strategies on lipids profile and RCT pathway in animals. J. Womens Health 13, 1148–1164. It carries back to the liver for elimination around 20% of the total plasma cholesterol. The resulting HDL-c molecule can resume circulation and repeat the RCT process. Trans fatty Acids are responsible for lowering HDL-c levels in humans. Effect of exercise training on plasma levels and functional properties of high-density lipoproteincholesterol in the metabolic syndrome. Nutr. These findings are reinforced in a recent study conducted by Vaisberg et al. Arteriosc. The authors concluded that this type of exercise is effective in reducing total cholesterol (-2%), LDL-c (-3%), triacylglycerol (-5%) and increasing HDL-c (+ 3%) in women over 18 years of age. doi: 10.1073/pnas.091021198, Olson, R. E. (1998). Nat. Invest. Lack of effects of isoflavones on the lipid profile of Brazilian postmenopausal women. (1993) suggested that athletes (cyclists and runners) present a greater response in RCT pathways when compared to sedentary peers, with an increase of free cholesterol flow for esterification and subsequent transfer to other lipoproteins, such as HDL-c. Nutr. Commun. It competes with plasminogen by binding sites, reducing the plasmin generation and inhibiting fibrinolysis, therefore, the thrombus form… Therefore, the objective of this review is to debate about non-medical approaches to increase HDL-c, such as nutritional and training strategies, and to discuss the central mechanisms involved in the modulation of lipid profile during exercise, as well as that can be controlled by physical trainers or sports specialists in attempt to maximize the benefits promoted by exercise. Metab. LDL receptor and Pcsk9 transcripts are decreased in liver of ovariectomized rats: effects of exercise training. (2004). Although exercise has been used as a cardioprotective intervention, the mechanisms involved still need to be fully elucidated. (2016). Moderate alcohol consumption appears to increase HDL-c levels in humans (Mooradian and Haas, 2014). 7, 632–642. Hypocaloric diets appear to increase HDL-c, as shown in a study performed by Loftus et al. Although studies with functional foods and bioactive compounds still prove inconclusive, a specific group of bioactive compounds has shown promising results. Metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and transfer of lipids to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in vegan and omnivore subjects. (4) α-HDL is modified by the enzyme CETP, which replaces the lipid content of LDL-c (triacylglycerols) by cholesterol from α-HDL, and then binds to its receptor in the liver (LDL-R) and deposits its cholesterol contents. doi: 10.3390/nu7115483. Four Prospect. However, the last study did not confirm this mechanism on the effect of exercise. For women, hazard ratios were 1.10 (0.83–1.46) for HDL cholesterol of 3.0–3.49 mmol/L (116–134 mg/dL) and 1.68 (1.09–2.58) for HDL cholesterol ≥3.5 mmol/L (135 mg/dL). Key steps of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). In mice with type 2 diabetes, physical training induced an increase of ABCA1 (Zhang et al., 2011). (2003). Food Sci Nutr. Additionally, another complementary positive effect activated during aerobic exercise is the hydrolysis of the TAG from VLDL by Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL), resulting, at least in part, in the formation of HDL-c particles (Oscai et al., 1982). These results suggest, in parts, that in the muscle the decrease of LDL-c and the increase of HDL-c may be dependent, respectively, of PPAR delta and AMPK. 52, 950–957. Phytopreventive antihypercholesterolmic and antilipidemic perspectives of zedoary (Curcuma Zedoaria Roscoe.) Influence of cholesterol status on blood lipid and lipoprotein enzyme responses to aerobic exercise. Am. 1 Major risk factors for atherosclerosis ... into the feces via the bile. Cell Stress Chaperones 15, 827–833. eCollection 2020 Nov. Respir Res. Nutr. 2012:809576. doi: 10.1155/2012/809576, Lira, F. S., Zanchi, N. E., Lima-Silva, A. E., Pires, F. O., Bertuzzi, R. C., Santos, R. V., et al. Interestingly, the results are similar after an acute session of exercise at 60% of maximal intensity, showing an improvement in the lipid profile mediated by the decrease of VLDL and the LDL/HDL ratio, as well as increased expression of ABCA1 in lymphocytes (Ghanbari-Niaki et al., 2011). (2008) found that physically active individuals had higher concentrations of Apo A-1 (the main protein of HDL), mRNA of ABCA1 in leukocytes (but not in skeletal muscle) and pre-β HDL than sedentary individuals. Metabol. Many studies have demonstrated that diet and nutrition have a crucial role in the metabolism of lipoproteins, including HDL-c levels. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2005.10.001, Thorning, T. K., Raziani, F., Bendsen, N. T., Astrup, A., Tholstrup, T., and Raben, A. De Groot, G. Chrousos, K. Dungan, K. R. Feingold, A. Grossman, J. M. Hershman et al. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between ABCA1 in leukocytes with pre-β HDL and LCAT activity, as well as Apo A-1 and cholesterol efflux, indicating the importance and relationship of these proteins in RCT. A replacement of carbohydrates by lipids, especially saturated fatty acids, have demonstrated better results concerning HDL-c levels. U.S.A. 98, 5306–5311. The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. Diet Quality Is Associated with Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Survivors of Childhood Leukemia. Rosenkilde M, Rygaard L, Nordby P, Nielsen LB, Stallknecht B. J Appl Physiol (1985). Effect of Antiatherosclerotic Agents on Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Hyperlipidemic Anumal Models 61-63 8.6. The effect of physical exercise on reverse cholesterol transport. J. In veins and arteries, Apo A-1 interacts with receptors in various cell types (hepatocyte, enterocytes, and macrophages) called ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family A (ABC1), Member 1 (ABCA1) (Leaf, 2003; Chapman et al., 2010). The authors also observed an exercise-mediated improvement of LCAT activity. Metab. However, the nutritional factors can contribute in different manners, depending on gender, age, genetic factors and presence of some pathologies. In this perspective, exercise is indicated as treatment of several metabolic diseases because of its effective anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effect. Eur. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.109116, Thushara, R. M., Gangadaran, S., Solati, Z., and Moghadasian, M. H. (2016). Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. Bérard S, Morel S, Teasdale E, Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Laverdière C, Sinnett D, Levy E, Marcil V. Nutrients. Cardiovascular benefits of probiotics: a review of experimental and clinical studies. Summary of the effects of training strategies on lipids profile and RCT pathway in humans. : 14-05204-EF-1. Copyright © 2018 Marques, Diniz, Antunes, Rossi, Caperuto, Lira and Gonçalves. Jinli, C., and Jidi, C. (2002). J. Clin. However, a recent study suggested that exercise-induced activation of PPAR, especially the delta isoform, may stimulate further transcription factors that are related to genes involved in RCT (Gervois et al., 2007; Greene et al., 2012). 13, 48–60. This group is mainly composed of cyanidin, peonidin, pelargonidin, malvidin, delphinidin, and petunidin. 2020 Sep 18;8(11):6069-6082. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.1897. These changes occur based on many factors, such as total energy consumption, macronutrient composition, vitamins and minerals deficiency, nutritional status, functional foods consumption, among others (Siri-Tarino, 2011; Rondanelli et al., 2016). Therefore, while exercise promotes significant and favorable metabolic modifications mediated by RCT, the possibility of controlling acute training variables can be used by practitioners, coaches and/or trainers to induce superior benefits on lipid profile. Plasma levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are strongly inversely correlated to the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Circulat. (2011) verified that metabolic syndrome patients have greater triacylglycerol with decreased HDL-c and paraoxonase-1 activity. 32, 568–573. (2008) performed a systematic review comparing the effects of aerobic, resistance and combined (aerobic + resistance) training on the lipid profile and lipoprotein responses and observed that high-intensity aerobic exercise seems to induce greater benefits for the increase of HDL-c, and emphasize that resistance or combined exercise are important for improving functional and cardiovascular fitness. Exercise intensity modulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. These compounds are present in fruits, and foods like teas, wine, chocolate, among others (Millar et al., 2017). Low-density lipoprotein apheresis: an evidence-based analysis. Eur. Dyslipidemia (high concentrations of LDL-c and low concentrations of HDL-c) is a major cause of cardiovascular events, which are the leading cause of death in the world. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). Low- intensity exercise exerts beneficial effects on plasma lipids via PPARgamma. Int. Behavioral counseling to promote a healthful diet and physical activity for cardiovascular disease prevention in adults without known cardiovascular disease risk factors: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. Also, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) can transfer cholesterol ester particles of HDL-c to other lipoproteins (Grandjean et al., 2000; Durstine et al., 2002), given that both enzymes are associated with RCT. Additionally, Greene et al. Several benefits of regular exercise are observed in the lipid profile, being indicated as one of the best non-pharmacological strategies in the prevention and treatment of immune-metabolic disorders (Neto et al., 2011). Another study performed with orange juice intake showed an increase in serum HDL in rats (Haidari et al., 2012). Beyond low-density lipoprotein: addressing the atherogenic lipid triad in type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome. It competes with plasminogen by binding sites, reducing the plasmin generation and inhibiting fibrinolysis, therefore, the thrombus formed due to ruptured atherosclerotic plaque triggers ischemic cardiovascular events (Schmitz and Orsó, 2015). Sci. Tambalis et al. Postprandial lipoprotein profile in two modes of high-intensity intermittent exercise. 25, 1061–1074. J. Appl. doi: 10.1172/JCI30163, Repa, J. J., Turley, S. D., Lobaccaro, J. M., Medina, J., Li, L., Lustig, K., et al. (2015). Regul. However, the mechanisms by which exercise and nutrients act in the regulation of cholesterol and its fractions, such as reverse cholesterol transport, receptors and transcription factors involved, such as PPARs and their role related to exercise, deserve further discussion. Res. Therefore, it may be suggested that the combination of specific nutrients, functional foods ingestion plus regular exercise can promote a greater activity of RCT, an increase of HDL-c and consequently, a better metabolic profile. Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is the process of cholesterol movement from the extrahepatic tissues back to the liver (7, 8).  |  (2008). (2012). doi: 10.1089/jmf.2009.1320. Biochim. Various nutritional factors found in whole food diets have been found to assist in reverse cholesterol transport (including phospholipids, CLA, and polyphenols). Many functional foods and bioactive compounds are associated to improve HDL-c levels in animals and humans. Dyslipidemia (high concentrations of LDL-c and low concentrations of HDL-c) is a major cause of cardiovascular events, which are the leading cause of death in the world. Acute cocoa supplementation increases postprandial HDL cholesterol and insulin in obeseadults with Type 2 diabetes after consumption of a high-fat breakfast. 2016. Res. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2016 Aug. Report No. (2015). Nat. JAMA 318, 175–193. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2004.13.1148, Khabazian, B. M., Ghanbari-Niaki, A., Reza Safarzadeh-Golpordesari, A., Ebrahimi, M., Rahbarizadeh, F., and Abednazari, H. (2009). Int. Feingold, K. R., and Grunfeld, C. (2015). Nutr. Curr. Effect of soy protein containing isoflavones on blood lipids in moderately hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized controlled trial. Thorning et al. Int. (2007). (2014). MediterrAsian diet products that could raise HDL-cholesterol: a systematic review. Thus, the anti-atherogenic response mediated by changes in the lipid profile seems to vary according to the individual’s physical fitness level (Olchawa et al., 2004). Metab. Physiol. Acute cocoa supplementation increases postprandial HDL cholesterol and insulin in obeseadults with Type 2 diabetes after consumption of a high-fat breakfast. Nutr. Lipids Health Dis. 1, 1–7. Opin. 111, 967–981. 24, 275–285. They concluded that physical activity and behavioral diet programs for adults without high risk for cardiovascular disease showed benefits on LDL-c and total cholesterol. 2020 Nov 10;2020:3429541. doi: 10.1155/2020/3429541. (Xu et al., 2013; Rosenson et al., 2016). doi: 10.1177/0003319708324927, Tariq, S., Imran, M., Mushtaq, Z., and Asghar, N. (2016). 40, 1263–1270. 54, 1180–1201. It was included 88 studies in this review (N = 121,190) in 145 publications and observed a reduction in the LDL-c (-2.58 mg/dL [95% CI, -4.30 to -0.85] in 13 trials [n = 5554]), and total cholesterol concentration (-2.85 mg/dL [95% CI, -4.95 to -0.75] in 19 trials [n = 9325]). Inflammatory, lipid, and body composition responses to interval training or moderate aerobic training. The authors concluded that both training models should be adopted to maximize the health outcomes by significant alterations upon triacylglyc, when compared to moderate intensity endurance training. Mechanistic studies in mice revealed that, activation of the bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor increases cholesterol removal via the transintestinal cholesterol excretion pathway as well as decreases plasma cholesterol and triglyceride providing an interesting target … 43, 38–44. Diets with high fat cheese, high fat meat, or carbohydrate on cardiovascular risk markers in overweight postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover trial. In macrophages, phagocytes of the immune system specialized in digesting particles, the interaction with this protein makes the cholesterols and some lipids (phospholipids) move toward the molecule Apo A-1. Pract. Aerobic exercise and lipids and lipoproteins in women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. This process is catalyzed by the enzyme cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). 98, 3366–3374. 116, 601–609. It is important to emphasize that the mechanisms involved in exercise-mediated beneficial responses are distinct in animal and human models; in this context, the latter sample is more explored and, given the practical applicability, the reproduction of the models should be tested in various populations. Physical inactivity contributes to increased cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, which are leading causes of death worldwide (Rosamond et al., 2008). 10.2147/CIA.S75538 Physiol. J. Nutr. Hernáez, A., Farràs, M., and Fitó, M. (2016). (2015). They concluded that both modes of exercise lead to no improvements in lipid metabolism. The search for papers was performed in the databases: Medline (Pubmed), Science Direct, Scopus, Sport Discus, Web of Science, Scielo and Lilacs until February 2016. doi: 10.1038/ncpendmet0397, Ghanbari-Niaki, A., Ghanbari-Abarghooi, S., Rahbarizadeh, F., Zare-Kookandeh, N., Gholizadeh, M., Roudbari, F., et al. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187998, Rosenson, R. S., Brewer, H. B. Jr., Ansell, B. J., Barter, P., Chapman, M. J., Heinecke, J. W., et al. doi: 10.1016/S0026-0495(03)00147-1, Leggate, M., Nowell, M. A., Jones, S. A., and Nimmo, M. A. Cardiol. Effect of lycopene and tomato products on cholesterol metabolism. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.215772, Benoit, J. In both sexes, methylation of CETP was negatively correlated with LDL-c concentration. Stud. doi: 10.1159/000342077, Panissa, V. L., Julio, U. F., Diniz, T. A., de Moura Mello Antunes, B., Lira, F. S., Takito, M. Y., et al. Indirectly, mature molecules of HDL-c transfer its cholesterol content to apolipoproteins B-100 (Apo B-100), especially to the low-density lipoprotein (LDL), in exchange for triacylglycerol molecules. 10.1038/nrcardio.2010.223 However, the protein content of ABCA1 and LDLR did not change with exercise. They found that this training routine positively alters the lipid profile of sedentary individuals, with a significant decrease in total cholesterol, increase in HDL-c, and elevation in the oxidized concentration of LDL-c (LDLox). Peptides 166, 42–47. Acute high-intensity exercise with low energy expenditure reduced LDL-c and total cholesterol in men. Leaf, D. A. Am. Dotted gray arrows indicate indirect RCT. (1) The liver synthesizes Apo A-1 that enters the bloodstream. (2016) also verified the influence of recovery interval (30 vs. 90 s) after four sets of squats and four sets of horizontal bench press, performed with 90% of 1 repetition maximum (1-RM) until momentary fatigue in previously trained subjects. However, studies investigating the influence of these variables in a chronic way are needed; moreover, the large variety of training protocols, especially regarding strength training, make comparisons and conclusions about the findings challenging. In the following year, Lira et al. Chin. 30, 226–234. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. J. Appl. However, none of the studies were conclusive on confirming the role of bioactive compounds in increasing HDL-c. Inclusion criteria for the present review were: 1- to assess lipoproteins; 2- to include exercise and nutrition intervention; 3- Adults and elderly; 4- obese and non-obese people; 5- smoking subjects; 6- with or without medication for cholesterol. (2007) found, after 6 weeks of aerobic training at 65% of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), an increase of approximately 30% in hepatic expression of ABCA1, as well as in plasma concentrations of total HDL-c, pre-β, and LCAT in Wistar rats. Nutr. 25, 396–402. (1996). However, soy protein supplementation appears to increase HDL-c levels, but due to isoflavones intake (Ma et al., 2005; Rios et al., 2008; Palacio et al., 2009; Squadrito et al., 2013). Greene et al. 2, 153–159, 2013. doi: 10.5812/cardiovascmed.13892, Ghanbari-Niaki, A., Khabazian, B. M., Hossaini-Kakhak, S. A., Rahbarizadeh, F., and Hedayati, M. (2007). In addition, recently, Madsen et al. There are several factors that contribute to high cholesterol -- some are controllable while others are not. Sports Exerc. clinical studies have shown that soy protein intake may only cause a slight increase in serum HDL cholesterol concentration (Weggemans and Trautwein, 2003), however, supplementation with isoflavones appears to have a significant improvement in postmenopausal women (Taku et al., 2007). (2009) demonstrated that acute high-intensity aerobic exercise (∼ 90% VO2max) performed by healthy men on a cycle ergometer was able to reduce plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-c immediately and 1 h after the effort when compared to resting values. Ann. 2005;5(6):379-87. doi: 10.2165/00129784-200505060-00005. The rates of forward and reverse cholesterol transport and cholesterol synthesis are under tight control in order to maintain cellular cholesterol balance. These findings are only in the beginning and further researches must be conducted to understand the implications of abnormal HDL in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and its clinic aplication. bile acids (1). doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000128124.72935.0f, Oliver, W. R., Shenk, J. L., Snaith, M. R., Russell, C. S., Plunket, K. D., Bodkin, N. L., et al. The increase in serum HDL concentration promoted by flavanols is still controversial (Tas et al., 2005; Baba et al., 2007). Linseed oil (Avelino et al., 2015), cocoa (Basu et al., 2015), pistachios (Hernández-Alonso et al., 2015), artichoke leaf, red yeast rice, olive oil, and bergamot (Rondanelli et al., 2016) have been used as a strategy to increase HDL-c levels. -, Basu A., Betts N. M., Leyva M. J., Fu D., Aston C. E., Lyons T. J. Exercise and weight loss effects on cardiovascular risk factors in overweight men. Sci. Regulation of ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression: cholesterol-dependent and - independent signaling pathways with relevance to inflammatory lung disease. The effect of nutritional supplements on serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I. (2015). (2011). Madsen, C. M., Varbo, A., and Nordestgaard, B. G. (2017). Soy isoflavones lower serum total and LDL cholesterol in humans: a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials. Impact Factor 3.367 | CiteScore 4.3More on impact ›, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Italy, University of Science and Technology of China, China. Sigal, G. A., Medeiros, N. G., Vinagre, J. C., Diament, J., and Maranhão, R. C. (2011). Gupta et al. J. Clin. Plasma Proteome Profiling of Coronary Artery Disease Patients: Downregulation of Transthyretin-An Important Event. LM, FL, and DG conceptualized and designed the study and contributed to analysis and interpretation. However, the wide variety of protocols makes it difficult to get a conclusion regarding lipid profile. Studies about the effect of exercise on cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity, SR-B1, and ABCG1 expression are inconclusive. (2006). High‐density lipoprotein plays a key role in the process of reverse cholesterol transport, by which HDL is able to extract excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and transfer it to the liver for biliary excretion. Clin. Therefore, the objective of this review is to debate about non-medical approaches to increase HDL-c, such as nutritional and training strategies, and to discuss the central mechanisms involved in the modulation of lipid profile during exercise, as well as that can be controlled by physical trainers or sports specialists in attempt to maximize the benefits promoted by exercise. In mice genetically modified to develop atherosclerosis, Jinli and Jidi (2002) verified that 10 weeks of aerobic training induced an increase in gene expression and protein content of SR-B1, finding that was associated with a reduction of atherosclerotic plaque. Nutr. J. Med. “The effect of inflammation and infection on lipids and lipoproteins,” in Endotext [Internet], eds L. J. Physical inactivity contributes to increased cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, which are leading causes of death worldwide (Rosamond et al., 2008). J. Appl. 8, 226–239. TABLE 3. doi: 10.1007/s004210000312, Palacio, C., Masri, G., and Mooradian, A. D. (2009). Proc. Sports Med. Am. Lipid parameter for measuring risk of cardiovascular disease. Free cholesterol is removed from tissues by plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and transported to the liver, where it is eliminated from the body either unchanged or after conversion to bile acids in the process known as reverse cholesterol transport . 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( 2015 ) report factors that increase reverse cholesterol transport the American heart Association Statistics and! Activate PPAR, Yoshida, H., Zhang H, Ramachandran R, Sharma a, S.... Nordestgaard, B. M., Varbo, A. D., Aston C. E., Ziyanok, F.! When compared to olive oil be fully elucidated < 300 mg/d ( 4, ). Epidemiology of coronary heart disease and stroke statistics–2008 update: a systematic review clinical. A crucial role in fat transport and metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins ans lipid transfer to is! Analyzed subjects with an inflammatory profile established by non-transmissible chronic diseases, shown... Responsible for lowering HDL-c levels reduces LDL oxidative susceptibility and has beneficial on... And has beneficial effects on plasma lipids via PPARgamma C. Gonçalves, dacaetanog @ gmail.com,.... Macrophage reverse cholesterol transport, HDL metabolism, and Mooradian, A. H., Zhang H, R. 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