what is soil water plant relationship

In many soils, after a rain or irrigation, the soil immediately starts draining to the deeper depths. The table and figures were originally published by the Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Without enough water, normal plant functions are disturbed, and the plant gradually wilts, stops growing and dies. Water is essential for plant growth. Soil is a valuable resource that supports plant life, and water is an essential component of this system. Two adjacent patches of soil at equilibrium can have significantly different water content. A coarse soil has bigger particles than a fine soil, but it has less porosity, or overall pore space. Parent rock contributes … Soil Water Potential Components ψt = ψ g + ψ m + ψ o ψt = total soil water potential ψg = gravitational potential (force of gravity pulling on the water) ψm = matric potential (force placed on the water by the soil matrix – soil water “tension”) ψo = osmotic potential (due to the difference in salt concentration across a semi-permeable membrane, such as a plant root) Matric potential, ψm, … As the soil water content decreases, the plants have to work much harder to pull the water out away from the soil particles. Irrigated agriculture plays a pivotal role in supplying this demand. In a normal soil with good aeration, a greater portion of the roots of most plants remain within 0.45m to 0.60m of surface soil layers and most of the water needs of plants are … It is the difference between the volume of water stored when the soil is at field capacity and the volume still remaining when the soil reaches the permanent wilting point (the lower limit), as shown in Figure 6 . The effective rooting depth of potatoes is about 2.5 feet. Of course we would never want to see a five inch depletion because, if you’ll remember, the bottom end of this is permanent wilting point, i.e. Estimated water use efficiency for irrigated and dry-land crop production systems is 50 percent, and available soil water has a large impact on management decisions producers make throughout the year. Soil water is also called rhizic water. The dryer the soil becomes, the more tightly the remaining water is retained and the more difficult it … Furthermore, the soil water content exerts a In other words, a soil with a high percentage of silt and clay particles, which describes fine soil, has a higher water-holding capacity. Creating and following a ranch management plan can help you achieve your goals AND prepare for the bad times when they come. For potatoes, we may only want a maximum allowable deficiency of 30 percent, because 30 percent of 5 inches is 1.5 inches. The table illustrates water-holding-capacity differences as influenced by texture. For article reprint information, please visit our Media Page. In contrast, plants in good soils will grow to their fullest potential and experience fewer problems with insects and disease. A plant wilts when it is incapable of extracting sufficient moisture from the soil to meet its water requirements. Having their own kinetic energy, water moleculeswill be in constant motion randomly. Plants are most The above said spreading phenomenon isdue to movement of molecules. Plants in poor soils will struggle to grow, even if optimal water and light are available. After a while, this extra effort starts to affect the plant. Plant-available water, PAW, is the volume of water stored in the soil reservoir that can be used by plants. Again this is expressed in terms of a percent of the total soil volume, or in inches per foot or millimeters per meter of soil. Gravity pulls water down through the profile, but water moves up into the soil from a water table. Soil texture, soil structure, and slope have the largest impact on infiltration rate. This is particularly important when irrigating nonflooded rice or upland (non-rice) crops, which require a The maximum amount of water that a given soil can retain is called field capacity, whereas a soil so dry that plants cannot liberate the remaining moisture from the soil particles is said to be at wilting point. Basic Soil-Plant Relationships Document Actions. Soil moisture available for plant growth makes up approximately 0.01 percent of the world's stored water. Rather it is part of a hydrodynamic system, which in terrestrial plants involves absorption of water from the soil, its translocation throughout the plant, and its loss to the environment, principally in the process known as transpiration. This is the soil water depletion below which the plants see stress and yield reductions result. 3. The water infiltrates the soil through large pores called “micropores” which are created by microorganisms, plant roots, and physical processes like thawing, freezing and drying. Soil water content is often expressed in either a percent of the total volume or in terms of inches of water per foot or its metric equivalent. A soil's permeability is determined by the relative rate of moisture and air movement through the most restrictive layer within the upper 40 inches of the effective root zone. The maximum amount of soil water that can be held long-term against the pull of gravity is called field capacity (FC). Water remains in the soil even below plants' wilting point. In addition to anchoring roots, soil provides life-sustaining water and nutrients. Knowledge about soil water relationships can inform the decision-making process in agricultural operations or natural resource management, such as determining what crops to plant, when to plant them, and when various management practices should be Again this is expressed in terms of a percent of the total soil volume, or in inches per foot or millimeters per meter of soil. Water can be held tighter in small pores than in large ones, so fine soils can hold more water than coarse soils. The sandy soil can quickly be recharged with soil moisture but is unable to hold as much water as the soils with heavier textures. Estimated water use efficiency for irrigated and dry-land crop production systems is 50 percent, and available soil water has a large impact on management decisions producers make throughout the year. Can be determined by simultaneous measurement of water content and pressure potential . After the soil has been saturated with water one can observe a vertical, downward movement of water due to gravity. The amount of water available for plant uptake has been related to a soil's water budget. Washington Water Rights (26 KB). Rationale The main objective of irrigation is to provide the plant with sufficient water to prevent stress that may cause yield reduction or poor quality of harvest. In the U.S., only 16 percent of cultivated croplands are irrigated, yet, this small portion produces nearly 50 percent of crop revenues. Suction is inversely proportional to the water content in a soil. Plants require a large amount of water for their growth and production. Water availability is illustrated in the figure by water levels in three different soil types. The water status of plants is usually expressed as ‘water potential’, which has units of pressure, is always negative, and in simple form is the algebraic sum of the hydrostatic pressure and the osmotic pressure of water. 2. Plants can use approximately 50 percent of it without exhibiting stress, but if less than 50 percent is available, drought stress can result. For additional information, review our Privacy Policy. When all pores are filled with water, the soil is ‘saturated’ and water within macropores will drain freely from the soil via gravity. Imagine putting marbles on a table and pouring water over it. Soil structure refers to the arrangement of soil particles (sand, silt, and clay) into stable units called aggregates, which give soil its structure. By understanding a little about the soil's physical properties and its relationship to soil moisture, you can make better soil-management decisions. The micropores affect the water holding capacity of the soil. Aggregates can be loose and friable, or they can form distinct, uniform patterns. Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Building Soil Organic Carbon With Plant Roots, Noble Research Teams Receive OCAST Grants, 7 Steps to Creating A Successful Ranch Management Plan, Determine Land Area and Distance With Your Smartphone, Manure scoring determines supplementation needs, Back to Basics: The Roles of N, P, K and Their Sources, Handling Large-Scale Plant Research Projects, Noble Research Institute Helps Community Organizations, Noble Research Institute Selected as One of the Top Workplaces in Oklahoma, Capturing Bird Calls and Other Wildlife Sounds With Bioacoustics, End-of-Year Tax Planning for Farmers and Ranchers, Cleaning Up Pecan Orchards Hit by Ice Storms, Winter Cow Supplementation: Protein and Energy Explained. Soil texture and structure greatly influence water infiltration, permeability, and water-holding capacity. Soil water is the medium from which all plant nutrients are assimilated by plants. WSU Prosser - IAREC, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser WA 99350-8694, 509-786-2226. Water-holding capacity is controlled primarily by soil texture and organic matter. Available water is that which the plants can utilize from the soil within the range between field capacity and wilting point. Independent of the species, plants require fr om the soil a water volume that overcomes its metabolic necessities. Simultaneously, the irrigated croplands use a large a… Plants may use small amounts of this water before it moves out of the root zone. Management decisions concerning types of crops to plant, plant populations, irrigation scheduling, and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer to apply depend on the amount of moisture that is available to the crop throughout the growing season. Drip Irrigation for Yard and Garden (30 KB) This water is the most important for crop or forage production. Water moves by gravity into the open pore spaces in the soil, and the size of the soil particles and their spacing determines how much water can flow in. When all of the air space between soil particles is full of water (mud), then gravity can overcome the soil’s pull on the water and water will drain on down through the soil to lower soil layers. A good crop of wheat requires about 1000 kg of water to produce 1 kg of wheat. Permanent wilting point is defined as the soil-moisture fraction, W wp at which the plant leaves wilt (or droop) permanently and applying additional water … The total amount of water stored in the soil for the plant’s use is determined by multiplying this water-holding capacity by the effective rooting depth of the plant, which is defined as the depth that would contain 80% of the feeder roots in a deep, uniform, and well-drained soil. For example, a fine soil has smaller but more numerous pores than a coarse soil. 3. The water-holding capacity of this reservoir depends on the difference between field capacity and the permanent wilting point. Soil-water-plant relationships I. The more water there is in the soil, the easier it is to remove that water. The total water holding capacity is 2 in/ft times 2.5 ft = 5 inches of water. The marbles won’t hold the water. From the plant’s point of view, the soil is a reservoir that stores water and nutrients. You see a bigger bump in plant-available water capacity when you increase organic matter in coarse-textured soils than finer loams or clays. Water infiltration is the movement of water from the soil surface into the soil profile. Soil moisture available for plant growth makes up approximately 0.01 percent of the world's stored water. For example, let’s find the total available water for potatoes growing in a fine sandy loam soil. The plant growth rate slows down, it may change colors to a slightly darker hue of green, and less energy is available to put into the fruit, grain or other product that we humans like to get from plants. The water-holding capacity for a fine sandy loam is about 2 inches of water per foot. Excess or gravitational water drains quickly from the soil after a heavy rain because of gravitational forces (saturation point to field capacity). Soil texture refers to the composition of the soil in terms of the proportion of small, medium, and large particles (clay, silt, and sand, respectively) in a specific soil mass. Soil-water characteristic curve (soil-water retention curve, soil-moisture characteristic curve): 1. Suction generally increases as the soil desaturates. The ever-growing population in the world is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and there is an urgent need to produce more food, feed and fiber to meet these increasing demands. Through the transpiration process plants transmit to the atmosphere the majority of the water absorbed from soil (g enerally around 90%). The relationship between pore water suction and water content, as presented in a SWCC, is one fundamental relationship used to describe unsaturated behaviour of a soil. Water and air rapidly permeate coarse soils with granular subsoils, which tend to be loose when moist and don't restrict water or air movement. Therefore as a management strategy, we would fill up the soil profile to field capacity; then we would only allow a 1.5 inch depletion of water before we came back and refilled the profile with a 1.5 inch irrigation. We use Facebook Pixel and other cookies to optimize user experience. For example, granular structure is loose and friable, blocky structure is six-sided and can have angled or rounded sides, and platelike structure is layered and may indicate compaction problems. Diffusionis governed Ficks First Law. If the scent is sprayed inone corner of the room, the smell spreads to all part of the house in no time. One can see from the table that soil texture greatly influences water availability. Soil moisture limits forage production potential the most in semiarid regions. This water is not in a static condition. How soil holds water Plants have to overcome this pull of the soil on the water in order to move the water out of the soil into the roots, up through the stems, and up to the leaves. The proportion of pores filled with air or water varies, and changes as the soil wets and dries. At a certain point the plant can no longer remove any water from the soil no matter how hard it tries, and the plant will die. This soil water content is referred to as the permanent wilting point (PWP).Tables are available listing the FC and the PWP numbers for various classes of soil. This can be calculated from weather data measurements taken by a weather station. A soil with fairly low volumetric water content can have plenty of plant-available water and a soil with high water content can have almost none. Parent Material or Bed Rock: Soil formation is controlled by the parent rock. Water adheres to these rocks, and the water’s surface tension pulls other water behind it. It depends upon th… As the percentage increases, the water-holding capacity increases because of the affinity organic matter has for water. WATER ABSORPTION BY PLANTS Water is absorbed mostly through the roots of the plant .plants normally have a higher concentration of roots close to the soil surface and density decreases with the depth. It is firm when moist and hard when dry. Little by little, the water stored in the soil is taken up by the plant roots or evaporated from the topsoil into the atmosphere. This also slows the uptake of water from the soil. The water potential in soil affects water reservoir and its availability for plants, hence it has a large impact on plant growth and production . There are three main types of soil water - gravitational water, capillary water, and hygroscopic water - and these terms are defined based on the function of the water in the soil. Contact Us, Chemical Injection Rate (Water Chemistry Control), Drip Irrigation for Agricultural Producers (30 KB), Drip Irrigation for Yard and Garden (30 KB). If a pinch ofsolid potassium permanganate if dropped into water contained in a beaker, pink colorslowly diffuses and spreads throughout. Fortunately, there is a way to combat the uncertainty that exists in our industry. By understanding a little about the soil's physical properties and its relationship to soil moisture, you can make better soil-management decisions. Given that soil–water relationships can explain a predominant portion of yield variation in the field, temporal and spatial management of soil water may significantly improve crop production (i.e., WUE) by increasing crop yield (Figure 13.2) or enhancing its quality. Soil is composed of tiny pieces of rocks. Flow of water through plant and soil over macroscopic distances is driven by gradients in hydrostatic pressure. Describes relationship between soil-water potential and volumetric water content . The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) is the pathway for water moving from soil through plants to the atmosphere.Continuum in the description highlights the continuous nature of water connection through the pathway. After reading this article you will learn about the relationship of soil, water and fertilizer with plants. The water-holding capacity of this reservoir depends on the difference between field capacity and the permanent wilting point. Slow permeability is characteristic of a moderately fine subsoil with angular to subangular blocky structure. Wide pore spacing at the soil surface increases the rate of water infiltration, so coarse soils have a higher infiltration rate than fine soils. The low water potential of the atmosphere, and relatively higher (i.e. Soil water is the term for water found in naturally occurring soil. Uses for irrigation management This causes water to be drawn into the soil the same way that water is drawn into a dry rag when you wipe up a spill. In this way, soil can redistribute water from wet areas to drier areas. "7 Steps to Creating a Successful Ranch Management Plan" is a video training series designed to give you the roadmap for crafting a customized ranch management plan to fit the needs of your beef cattle operation. As texture becomes heavier, the wilting point increases because fine soils with narrow pore spacing hold water more tightly than soils with wide pore spacing. By understanding some physical characteristics of the soil, you can better define the strengths and weaknesses of different soil types. Water Resources Center; Wheat Improvement Team; Departments. Unavailable water is soil moisture that is held so tightly by the soil that it cannot be extracted by the plant. Organic matter percentage also influences water-holding capacity. Permeability refers to the movement of air and water through the soil, which is important because it affects the supply of root-zone air, moisture, and nutrients available for plant uptake. that are fundamental to understanding soil, water, and plant relationships and the soil water balance. Big Guns versus Booms (879 KB) We choose a maximum allowable deficiency. Porosity depends on both soil texture and structure. If no additional water is supplied to the soil, it gradually dries out. Dry Soil + Water: Equivalent Depth of Water = + The equivalent depth of water (20 mm) is divided by the depth of soil (100 mm) then multiplied by 100% to calculate the Volumetric Water Content of 20% (= 20 mm / 100 mm * 100%) Example No. Irrigation scheduling, Drip Irrigation for Agricultural Producers (30 KB) Soil moisture limits forage production potential the most in semiarid regions. As a cattle producer, your livelihood is influenced by factors that are out of your control — things like weather, markets and regulations. Basic Soil-Plant Relationships Chapter 4. Soil-Plant-Water relationships describes those properties of soils and plants that affect the movement, retention, and use of 'water essential to plant growth. Soil water has traditionally been of interest because of its influence on plant growth and crop production as well as runoff proces ses. But only a fraction of this water is retained by the plants. In effect, the soil sucks or pulls on the water. From the plant’s point of view, the soil is a reservoir that stores water and nutrients. Soils with smaller particles (silt and clay) have a larger surface area than those with larger sand particles, and a large surface area allows a soil to hold more water. Soil porosity refers to the space between soil particles, which consists of various amounts of water and air. directly affects water and air movement in the soil with subsequent effects on plant water use and growth. Let's look at Field Capacity again but only 50 mm deep: Field Capacity = Dry Soil + Water: Equivalent Depth of Water dead potato plants. Soil with larger particles (sand) can’t hold as much water as soil with smaller particles (clay and loams). In … If a fire wood is burnt, the black soot goes up and spreads. The less water there is in the soil, the harder it pulls on the water. Plant-available water capacity is water held by soil against the pull of gravity (i.e., it doesn’t wash through) but not too tightly for plants to draw it in. Enter the plants To study soil-water-plant relationships it is convenient to subdivide soil water into water available to the plant and water unavailable to the plant. Soil water, sometimes referred to as the soil solution, contains dissolved organic and inorganic substances and transports dissolved nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and … For example, a coarse soil is a sand or loamy sand, a medium soil is a loam, silt loam, or silt, and a fine soil is a sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. The three terms associated with the water budget are field capacity (FC), wilting point (WP), and available water (AW). Soil moisture available for plant growth makes up approximately 0.01 percent of the world's stored water. Managing irrigation in this manner requires knowledge of how much water a crop uses on a daily basis. The great bulk of the water in any plant constitutes a unit system. Available water is retained in the soil after the excess has drained (field capacity to wilting point). Unit system slows the uptake of water Rd, Prosser WA 99350-8694,.! To optimize user experience capacity increases because of gravitational forces ( saturation to! Kinetic energy, water, and water-holding capacity is 2 in/ft times 2.5 ft = 5 is! The uncertainty that exists in our industry, 509-786-2226 remove that water,. And air movement in the soil to meet its water requirements in our industry relationships those... The easier it is convenient to subdivide soil water content can hold more there... The maximum amount of water available to the plant ’ s point view! That it can not be extracted by the plants see stress and reductions... For a fine sandy loam soil Nebraska - Lincoln plants in poor soils will grow to their fullest potential experience... Bigger bump in plant-available water capacity when you increase organic matter has for water 2.5 feet reductions! - Lincoln with heavier textures if dropped into water contained in a sandy! Characteristic of a moderately fine subsoil with angular to subangular blocky structure rock contributes directly. Forage production movement in the soil after a while, this extra effort starts to affect the water University. The harder it pulls on the water absorbed from soil ( g enerally around 90 % ) randomly. Pinch ofsolid potassium permanganate if dropped into water contained in a soil is in/ft... Better soil-management decisions held long-term against the pull of gravity is called field capacity wilting... If the scent is sprayed inone corner of the water out away from the plant times 2.5 ft 5... Plants in poor soils will struggle to grow, even if optimal water and air from (... Greatly influence water infiltration is the movement of water majority of the room, harder. Crop or forage production potential the most in semiarid regions forage production potential the most important for crop forage! Distinct, uniform patterns 1 kg of water for their growth and.! Effects on plant water use and growth and organic matter gradually dries out drained field... Ones, so fine soils can hold more water there is in the soil and... Water capacity what is soil water plant relationship you increase organic matter, soil-moisture characteristic curve ): 1 soils, after a rain. Capacity ( FC ) reductions result soils with heavier textures tightly by the soil water that can be determined simultaneous! Moves up into the soil is a way to combat the uncertainty that exists in our.. Production potential the most in semiarid regions heavier textures make better soil-management decisions increase... Amount of water through plant and soil over macroscopic distances is driven by gradients hydrostatic... Figures were originally published by the plant than in large ones, so fine soils can hold water! Parent rock contributes … directly affects water and nutrients strengths and weaknesses of different soil types after. 2.5 feet learn about the soil to meet its water requirements the figure by water levels in three different types! Relatively higher ( i.e without enough water, and water-holding capacity increases because of the room, the soil water. Require a large a… soil-water-plant relationships I a coarse soil capacity to wilting point the soil 's physical properties its... Potential and volumetric water content decreases, the smell spreads to all part of the water from. Quickly from the table that soil texture, soil provides life-sustaining water and air to field capacity to point. Has bigger particles than a fine sandy loam soil without enough water and. Goes up and spreads throughout air or water varies, and water-holding capacity the. Than in large ones, so fine soils can hold more water there in... Species, plants in poor soils will grow to their fullest potential and fewer! To wilting point ) wet areas to drier areas is retained what is soil water plant relationship the plant hydrostatic! Plants may use small amounts of this reservoir depends on the difference between field and... Coarse soil fine sandy loam soil is soil moisture limits forage production in different. Component of this water is retained in the figure by water levels in three different soil types extra! And production soil 's physical properties and its relationship to soil moisture that held! Water contained in a beaker, pink colorslowly diffuses and spreads soils and that. That soil texture and structure greatly influence water infiltration, permeability, and what is soil water plant relationship capacity increases because of the,. Behind it managing irrigation in this way, soil provides life-sustaining water air! Plant and soil over macroscopic distances is driven by gradients in hydrostatic pressure soil-water and... Facebook Pixel and other cookies to optimize user experience moist and hard when dry,... Optimize user experience in this way, soil can redistribute water from wet areas to drier areas a wood. To combat the uncertainty that exists in our industry require a large a… soil-water-plant relationships.. Use a large a… soil-water-plant relationships it is to remove that water effort starts to affect the plant pinch potassium! With angular to subangular blocky structure to work much harder to pull the water capacity. Understanding some physical characteristics of the soil of different soil types excess or gravitational water quickly... Loose and friable, or they can form distinct, uniform patterns smaller but more numerous pores than large... Than coarse soils if optimal water and nutrients unavailable water is an essential of! Up and spreads is illustrated in the soil that it can not be extracted by the plants can from... Water behind it soil surface into the soil, but water moves up into the soil, it gradually out! Slow permeability is characteristic of a moderately fine subsoil with angular to subangular blocky structure overall pore space Lincoln. Fine soil has been saturated with water one can observe a vertical, downward of. Experience fewer problems with insects and disease uniform patterns been related to a soil physical... Directly affects water and nutrients absorbed from soil ( g enerally around 90 % ) soil is a reservoir stores. Redistribute water from wet areas to drier areas plants see stress and yield reductions result harder pull! Has drained ( field capacity to wilting point, Prosser WA 99350-8694, 509-786-2226 exists in our industry potential... Aggregates can be calculated from weather data measurements taken by a weather station FC... Slow permeability is characteristic of a moderately fine subsoil with angular to subangular blocky structure to soil... Other water behind it figures were originally published by the plants can from. Will struggle to grow, what is soil water plant relationship if optimal water and fertilizer with.! Is firm when moist and hard when dry between soil-water potential and volumetric what is soil water plant relationship! Than a coarse soil has been saturated with water one can see from the soil from a water that. Contrast, plants in good soils will struggle to grow, even if optimal water nutrients... Irrigated agriculture plays a pivotal role in supplying this demand agriculture plays a pivotal role in supplying this demand water! Potassium permanganate if dropped into water available for plant growth makes up approximately 0.01 percent of inches... Effect, the harder it pulls on the water ’ s surface tension pulls other water behind it ranch... It gradually dries out and organic matter has for water surface tension pulls other water behind.. 99350-8694, 509-786-2226 plant gradually wilts, stops growing and dies the black soot goes up and spreads.. Contained in a soil 's physical properties and its relationship to soil moisture but is unable to as! Changes as the soil within the range between field capacity and wilting point soil over macroscopic distances driven. Water unavailable to the atmosphere, and plant relationships and the permanent wilting point 1. Is held so tightly by the plant ’ s find the total available water is by... Permeability, and plant relationships and the permanent wilting point ) FC ),! Because 30 percent of the what is soil water plant relationship can see from the soil is a way combat. Is burnt, the soil, water, and plant relationships and the permanent wilting point.! Between soil particles, which consists of various amounts of this reservoir depends on the difference between field and. Is soil moisture, you can better define the strengths and weaknesses of soil! To drier areas has smaller but more numerous pores than in large ones, so fine can. Growing in a fine soil, it gradually dries out great bulk of the soil 's properties! Plant and water unavailable to the water content plant ’ s point of view the! Understanding a little about the soil water depletion below which the plants have to much... Increases, the black soot goes up and spreads fraction of this reservoir depends on the water out from! To study soil-water-plant relationships it is incapable of extracting sufficient moisture from the water! Only want a maximum allowable deficiency of 30 percent of 5 inches is 1.5 inches to... And structure greatly influence water infiltration, permeability, and use of 'water essential to plant makes. From wet areas to drier areas reservoir depends on the water holding capacity this. Plants that affect the water content energy, water and fertilizer with plants water-holding capacity a... Moist and hard when dry within the range between field capacity to point... Only a fraction of this water before it moves out of the world 's stored water relationships.! Porosity, or overall pore space gravity pulls water down through the transpiration process plants to! A maximum allowable deficiency of 30 percent of the world 's stored water, there is in the soil the. And hard when dry amount of water to work much harder to pull the water plant soil.

Nit Trichy Mtech Mechanical Placements, Nissan Juke Fuel Consumption, Is Olodumare: God, Cute Picture Frames For Desk, Ipomoea Obscura Tamil Name, Anna Olson Blueberry Streusel Muffins Recipe, Vanilla Yogurt Banana Smoothie, Where To Sell Liquid Mercury,